The Galaxy Note 10 line comprises four models with various hardware specifications; Note 10/ Note 10 5G and Note 10+/ Note 10+ 5G feature 6.3-inch 1080p and 6.8-inch 1440p "Dynamic AMOLED" displays with HDR10+ support and "dynamic tone mapping" technology respectively. The displays have curved sides that slope over the horizontal edges of the device. The front-facing cameras occupy a rounded cut-out on the top of the display, and all models utilize an ultrasonic in-screen fingerprint reader.

The Note 10 series features a multi-lens rear-facing camera setup with Samsung's Scene Optimizer technology. It houses a dual-aperture 12-megapixel wide-angle lens, a 12-megapixel telephoto lens and a 16-megapixel ultra-wide-angle lens with the Note 10+/ Note 10+ 5G having an additional VGA Depth Vision Camera allowing for 3D AR mapping. The front-facing camera on all models consists of a 10-megapixel punchhole lens in the top center of the display. The camera software includes a new "Shot Suggestion" feature to assist users, "Artistic Live Filters", as well as the ability to post directly to Instagram posts and stories. It also contains the "Scene Optimizer" feature from previous Samsung phones that automatically adjusts the camera settings based on different scenes. Both sets of cameras support 4K video recording and HDR10+ with more advanced video stabilization. There is also Live Focus Video enabling users to capture Bokeh backgrounds in video, much like with Portrait Mode.

The Note 10 range ships with Android 9.0 "Pie" with Samsung's One UI skin. A main design element of One UI is intentional repositioning of key user interface elements in stock apps to improve usability on large screens. Many apps include large headers that push the beginning of content towards the center of the display, while navigation controls and other prompts are often displayed near the bottom of the display instead.